thucydides

History of the Peloponnesian War

First published c. 400 BC · translated by Richard Crawley, 1874

Book I

i
CHAPTER I. The State of Greece from the earliest Times to the Commencement of the Peloponnesian War
Thucydides, an Athenian, wrote the history of the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians, beginning at the moment that it broke…
ii
CHAPTER II. Causes of the War—The Affair of Epidamnus—The Affair of Potidaea
The city of Epidamnus stands on the right of the entrance of the Ionic Gulf. Its vicinity is inhabited by the Taulantians, an Illyrian…
iii
CHAPTER III. Congress of the Peloponnesian Confederacy at Lacedaemon
The Athenians and Peloponnesians had these antecedent grounds of complaint against each other: the complaint of Corinth was that her colony…
iv
CHAPTER IV. From the end of the Persian to the beginning of the Peloponnesian War—The Progress from Supremacy to Empire
The way in which Athens came to be placed in the circumstances under which her power grew was this. After the Medes had returned from…
v
CHAPTER V. Second Congress at Lacedaemon—Preparations for War and Diplomatic Skirmishes—Cylon—Pausanias—Themistocles
After this, though not many years later, we at length come to what has been already related, the affairs of Corcyra and Potidaea, and the…

Book II

vi
CHAPTER VI. Beginning of the Peloponnesian War—First Invasion of Attica—Funeral Oration of Pericles
The war between the Athenians and Peloponnesians and the allies on either side now really begins. For now all intercourse except through…
vii
CHAPTER VII. Second Year of the War—The Plague of Athens—Position and Policy of Pericles—Fall of Potidaea
Such was the funeral that took place during this winter, with which the first year of the war came to an end. In the first days of summer…
viii
CHAPTER VIII. Third Year of the War—Investment of Plataea—Naval Victories of Phormio—Thracian Irruption into Macedonia under Sitalces
The next summer the Peloponnesians and their allies, instead of invading Attica, marched against Plataea, under the command of Archidamus,…

Book III

ix
CHAPTER IX. Fourth and Fifth Years of the War—Revolt of Mitylene
The next summer, just as the corn was getting ripe, the Peloponnesians and their allies invaded Attica under the command of Archidamus, son…
x
CHAPTER X. Fifth Year of the War—Trial and Execution of the Plataeans— Corcyraean Revolution
During the same summer, after the reduction of Lesbos, the Athenians under Nicias, son of Niceratus, made an expedition against the island…
xi
CHAPTER XI. Year of the War—Campaigns of Demosthenes in Western Greece—Ruin of Ambracia
Summer was now over. The winter following, the plague a second time attacked the Athenians; for although it had never entirely left them,…

Book IV

xii
CHAPTER XII. Seventh Year of the War—Occupation of Pylos—Surrender of the Spartan Army in Sphacteria
Next summer, about the time of the corn's coming into ear, ten Syracusan and as many Locrian vessels sailed to Messina, in Sicily, and…
xiii
CHAPTER XIII. Seventh and Eighth Years of the War—End of Corcyraean Revolution— Peace of Gela—Capture of Nisaea
The same summer, directly after these events, the Athenians made an expedition against the territory of Corinth with eighty ships and two…
xiv
CHAPTER XIV. Eighth and Ninth Years of the War—Invasion of Boeotia—Fall of Amphipolis—Brilliant Successes of Brasidas
The same summer the Mitylenians were about to fortify Antandrus, as they had intended, when Demodocus and Aristides, the commanders of the…

Book V

xv
CHAPTER XV. Tenth Year of the War—Death of Cleon and Brasidas—Peace of Nicias
The next summer the truce for a year ended, after lasting until the Pythian games. During the armistice the Athenians expelled the Delians…
xvi
CHAPTER XVI. Feeling against Sparta in Peloponnese—League of the Mantineans, Eleans, Argives, and Athenians—Battle of Mantinea and breaking up of the League
After the treaty and the alliance between the Lacedaemonians and Athenians, concluded after the ten years' war, in the ephorate of…
xvii
CHAPTER XVII. Sixteenth Year of the War—The Melian Conference—Fate of Melos
The next summer Alcibiades sailed with twenty ships to Argos and seized the suspected persons still left of the Lacedaemonian faction to…

Book VI

xviii
CHAPTER XVIII. Seventeenth Year of the War—The Sicilian Campaign—Affair of the Hermae—Departure of the Expedition
The same winter the Athenians resolved to sail again to Sicily, with a greater armament than that under Laches and Eurymedon, and, if…
xix
CHAPTER XIX. Seventeenth Year of the War—Parties at Syracuse—Story of Harmodius and Aristogiton—Disgrace of Alcibiades
Meanwhile at Syracuse news came in from many quarters of the expedition, but for a long while met with no credence whatever. Indeed, an…
xx
CHAPTER XX. Seventeenth and Eighteenth Years of the War—Inaction of the Athenian Army—Alcibiades at Sparta—Investment of Syracuse
The Athenian generals left in Sicily now divided the armament into two parts, and, each taking one by lot, sailed with the whole for…

Book VII

xxi
CHAPTER XXI. Eighteenth and Nineteenth Years of the War—Arrival of Gylippus at Syracuse—Fortification of Decelea—Successes of the Syracusans
After refitting their ships, Gylippus and Pythen coasted along from Tarentum to Epizephyrian Locris. They now received the more correct…
xxii
CHAPTER XXII. Nineteenth Year of the War—Arrival of Demosthenes—Defeat of the Athenians at Epipolae—Folly and Obstinancy of Nicias
In the meantime, while the Syracusans were preparing for a second attack upon both elements, Demosthenes and Eurymedon arrived with the…
xxiii
CHAPTER XXIII. Nineteenth Year of the War—Battles in the Great Harbour—Retreat and Annihilation of the Athenian Army
While the Athenians lingered on in this way without moving from where they were, Gylippus and Sicanus now arrived at Syracuse. Sicanus had…

Book VIII

xxiv
CHAPTER XXIV. Nineteenth and Twentieth Years of the War—Revolt of Ionia— Intervention of Persia—The War in Ionia
When the news was brought to Athens, for a long while they disbelieved even the most respectable of the soldiers who had themselves escaped…
xxv
CHAPTER XXV. Twentieth and Twenty-first Years of the War—Intrigues of Alcibiades—Withdrawal of the Persian Subsidies—Oligarchical Coup d'Etat at Athens—Patriotism of the Army at Samos
The Peloponnesians now determined to sail to Rhodes, upon the invitation of some of the principal men there, hoping to gain an island…
xxvi
CHAPTER XXVI. Twenty-first Year of the War—Recall of Alcibiades to Samos—Revolt of Euboea and Downfall of the Four Hundred—Battle of Cynossema
In the same summer, immediately after this, the Peloponnesians having refused to fight with their fleet united, through not thinking…